Introduction
o Introduce the role of opioids in pain management. Include the following key points:
Analgesia, Nociception, Opioid receptors, Mechanism of morphine, Morphine effects

Methods
o Briefly describe the experimental procedure. Include the following key points:
Animal model, Tail-flick test, Dose-response, ED50
o Explain the purpose of the baseline tail-flick measurement

Results
o Group Data: Table, Graph, ED50 estimation
o Lab Data: Table, Graph, ED50 estimation

Discussion
o Compare the ED50 between group, lab, and cumulative data sets. Explain the difference in 
values. Which value is more reliable? Justify.
o Discuss opioid tolerance and dependence. Give treatment strategies for tolerance and for 
dependence.
o Give clinical signs associated with opioid overdose. What is the recommended treatment for 
overdose?

References
o Minimum of 4 references; at least 1 from a primary source. References must be cited within the 
body of the report as well as listed at the end of the report under References heading. 
Citation Formating: APA

Attached is a copy of results as well as procedure