Provide an example of a situation where a researcher would utilize a directional significance test. What factors contribute to the value of α and when a researcher reports a p value, what are they reporting? Do we typically want a p value to be small or large?

· Provide two scenarios: one where a Type I error occurs and another where a Type II error occurs. What factors influence the magnitude of risk for each of these and what practices might a researcher engage to minimize these risks? If the null hypothesis is incorrectly reported as significant, which type of error is occurring and what might the subsequent implications be? What conclusions, if any, can be drawn from such results?

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