Case Study: “The Car Accident” Marcus, a 35-year-old delivery driver, was involved in a minor car accident after another vehicle rear-ended him at a stoplight. He was wearing his seatbelt but felt immediate pain in his chest and lower back. Upon evaluation in the emergency department, he presented with mild bruising across his sternum from the seatbelt, stiffness in his lumbar region, and minor swelling in his left ankle. Marcus also mentioned his vision blurred for a few seconds after the collision, although it quickly resolved.

Questions

1. Integumentary System: Marcus has bruising across his chest from the seatbelt. Describe the layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that may have been affected and identify which layer contains the blood vessels responsible for visible bruising.

2. Skeletal System: The seatbelt compressed Marcus’s chest, causing pain near his sternum. Identify the anatomical structure of the sternum and name the ribs and joints that articulate with it.

3. Muscular System: Marcus reports stiffness in his lower back. Identify the major muscles of the lumbar region and describe their anatomical attachments to the vertebral column and pelvis.

4. Nervous System: The lower back discomfort may involve nerve compression. Identify the spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar region and explain their general anatomical pathway as they exit the vertebral column.

5. Special Senses (Cranial Nerves): Marcus experienced brief blurred vision after the accident. Identify the cranial nerve responsible for transmitting visual information and describe the

anatomical structures it connects between the eye and the brain.

6. Endocrine System: After a stressful event such as a car accident, the endocrine system responds anatomically through specific glands. Identify one endocrine gland involved in this response and describe its anatomical position relative to nearby organs.

7. Cardiovascular System: As part of the examination, Marcus’s heart and chest were evaluated. Describe the anatomical location of the heart within the thoracic cavity and identify two major vessels associated with the base of the heart.

8. Digestive System: Suppose Marcus hadn’t eaten before the accident and later experienced hunger. Identify the major anatomical divisions of the stomach and trace its position relative to surrounding abdominal organs.

9. Urinary System: Marcus was given IV fluids in the emergency department. Identify the anatomical structures that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder and describe their position within the abdominal cavity.

10. Reproductive System: During the routine examination, Marcus’s physician checked for any trauma to the lower abdomen. Identify the major internal reproductive organs of the male anatomy and describe their anatomical relationship within the pelvic cavity.

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