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Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (COS) are rare, severe psychiatric conditions diagnosed before age 13, characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired functioning. They mirror adult schizophrenia but present earlier, complicating development, education, and socialization. 🌟 Key Points 1. Definition and Rarity Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS): Schizophrenia diagnosed before age 13. Prevalence: Extremely rare, affecting less…

S – Subjective Chief Complaint (CC): “I feel like I’m either on top of the world or completely unable to get out of bed.” History of Present Illness (HPI): Patient reports alternating episodes of elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and impulsive spending lasting about 1–2 weeks, followed by periods of profound sadness,…

1. Introduction Social media has become an integral part of daily life for young adults, offering platforms for communication, entertainment, self-expression, and information sharing. While these platforms provide opportunities for connection and identity exploration, research increasingly highlights their association with mental health challenges, particularly anxiety. Understanding this relationship is crucial for healthcare providers, educators, policymakers,…

1. Introduction Intravenous (IV) therapy is a cornerstone of modern nursing practice, enabling the administration of fluids, medications, and nutrition directly into the bloodstream. Proper documentation of IV insertion and removal is critical for patient safety, continuity of care, and legal accountability. Gravity tubing, a simple and widely used method of infusion, relies on gravity…

1. Introduction Foundations of Nursing Skills is a core course in nursing education that equips students with essential knowledge, attitudes, and technical skills required for safe, effective, and compassionate patient care. It emphasizes the integration of theory and practice, preparing students to function as competent members of the healthcare team. The course covers fundamental concepts…

1. Introduction Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), known as the founder of modern nursing, developed the Environmental Theory in the mid-19th century. Her experiences during the Crimean War revealed that patient outcomes were heavily influenced by environmental conditions such as sanitation, ventilation, and nutrition. Nightingale’s theory emphasized that manipulating the environment could promote healing and prevent disease.…

1. Introduction Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes, stereotypes, or beliefs that influence behavior and decision-making without deliberate awareness. In nursing practice, implicit bias can affect patient care, communication, and health outcomes. Because nurses are frontline providers, recognizing and addressing implicit bias is essential to ensure equitable, safe, and culturally competent care. 2. Defining Implicit…