Henry, a 67 year old male has been complaining of shortness of breath when walking or going up the stairs as well as heart burn. He is a diabetic, smokes one pack everyday and drinks alcohol in moderation. The doctor examined him and asked for blood work as well as some tests as ecchocardiography and endoscopy. Hypertrophy of the heart muscle was detected once he did an ecchocardiogram which can be due to his long standing hypertension. The endoscopy showed metaplasia in the esophageal lining mucosa. His blood work showed high blood glucose levels, and was warned that this can lead to necrosis in his extremities, and that he must be compliant with his diabetes medication. The doctor explained that smoking can also lead to hypoxia that can affect his body and health and was advised to stop smoking.

1. Define hypertrophy and its role in cellular adaptation and give an example?

2. What are the types of necrosis?

3. List 2 differences between necrosis and apoptosis?

4. Discuss metaplasia of the esophagus.

5. What damage can hypoxia cause to a cell?

6. How does alcohol affect the body and cause cell injury?

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