There are 4 essay questions. Please be sure to complete all of them with thorough substantive responses. Citations are required for all responses. There is no time limit.

1. Summarize one example illustrating how microbes benefit human health. Can the removal of microbes actually lead to disease development?
2. Trace the path taken by pathogens from various portals of entry, through the establishment of disease, and ending with their exit from various portals in the host.
3. Conduct additional research and answer the following: Discuss what policies are in place at local, state, and federal government levels to prohibit the spread of disease in the case of a pandemic.
4. There are some who believe that HIV does not cause AIDS. Have all of Koch’s postulates been met for HIV as the causative agent that leads to the development of AIDS? Cite evidence to explain your answer.

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